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There are two kinds of seismic body waves in solids, pressure waves (P-waves) and shear waves. In linear elasticity, the P-wave modulus M {\displaystyle M} , also known as the longitudinal modulus, or the constrained modulus, is one of the elastic moduli available to describe isotropic homogeneous materials.

It is defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain in a uniaxial strain state. This occurs when expansion in the transverse direction is prevented by the inertia of neighboring material, such as in an earthquake, or underwater seismic blast.

σ σ z z = M ϵ ϵ z z {\displaystyle \sigma _{zz}=M\epsilon _{zz}}

where all the other strains ϵ ϵ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ {\displaystyle \epsilon _{**}} are zero.

This is equivalent to stating that

M x = ρ ρ x V P 2 , {\displaystyle M_{x}=\rho _{x}V_{\mathrm {P} }^{2},}

where VP is the velocity of a P-wave and ρ is the density of the material through which the wave is propagating.

• G. Mavko, T. Mukerji, J. Dvorkin. The Rock Physics Handbook. Cambridge University Press 2003 (paperback). ISBN 0-521-54344-4

| Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae | Conversion formulae |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). | Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas, provided both for 3D materials (first part of the table) and for 2D materials (second part). |

| 3D formulae | K = {\displaystyle K=\,} | E = {\displaystyle E=\,} | λ = {\displaystyle \lambda =\,} | G = {\displaystyle G=\,} | ν = {\displaystyle \nu =\,} | M = {\displaystyle M=\,} | Notes |

| ( K , E ) {\displaystyle (K,\,E)} | | | 3 K ( 3 K − E ) 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K-E)}{9K-E}}} | 3 K E 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3KE}{9K-E}}} | 3 K − E 6 K {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-E}{6K}}} | 3 K ( 3 K + E ) 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K+E)}{9K-E}}} | |

| ( K , λ ) {\displaystyle (K,\,\lambda )} | | 9 K ( K − λ ) 3 K − λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}} | | 3 ( K − λ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}} | λ 3 K − λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{3K-\lambda }}} | 3 K − 2 λ {\displaystyle 3K-2\lambda \,} | |

| ( K , G ) {\displaystyle (K,\,G)} | | 9 K G 3 K + G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9KG}{3K+G}}} | K − 2 G 3 {\displaystyle K-{\tfrac {2G}{3}}} | | 3 K − 2 G 2 ( 3 K + G ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-2G}{2(3K+G)}}} | K + 4 G 3 {\displaystyle K+{\tfrac {4G}{3}}} | |

| ( K , ν ) {\displaystyle (K,\,\nu )} | | 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle 3K(1-2\nu )\,} | 3 K ν 1 + ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}} | 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-2\nu )}{2(1+\nu )}}} | | 3 K ( 1 − ν ) 1 + ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}} | |

| ( K , M ) {\displaystyle (K,\,M)} | | 9 K ( M − K ) 3 K + M {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(M-K)}{3K+M}}} | 3 K − M 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-M}{2}}} | 3 ( M − K ) 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(M-K)}{4}}} | 3 K − M 3 K + M {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-M}{3K+M}}} | | |

| ( E , λ ) {\displaystyle (E,\,\lambda )} | E + 3 λ + R 6 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E+3\lambda +R}{6}}} | | | E − 3 λ + R 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-3\lambda +R}{4}}} | 2 λ E + λ + R {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\lambda }{E+\lambda +R}}} | E − λ + R 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-\lambda +R}{2}}} | R = E 2 + 9 λ 2 + 2 E λ {\displaystyle R={\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}} |

| ( E , G ) {\displaystyle (E,\,G)} | E G 3 ( 3 G − E ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {EG}{3(3G-E)}}} | | G ( E − 2 G ) 3 G − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(E-2G)}{3G-E}}} | | E 2 G − 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2G}}-1} | G ( 4 G − E ) 3 G − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(4G-E)}{3G-E}}} | |

| ( E , ν ) {\displaystyle (E,\,\nu )} | E 3 ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}} | | E ν ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}} | E 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}} | | E ( 1 − ν ) ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E(1-\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}} | |

| ( E , M ) {\displaystyle (E,\,M)} | 3 M − E + S 6 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3M-E+S}{6}}} | | M − E + S 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-E+S}{4}}} | 3 M + E − S 8 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3M+E-S}{8}}} | E − M + S 4 M {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-M+S}{4M}}} | | S = ± E 2 + 9 M 2 − 10 E M {\displaystyle S=\pm {\sqrt {E^{2}+9M^{2}-10EM}}} There are two valid solutions. The plus sign leads to ν ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \nu \geq 0} . The minus sign leads to ν ≤ 0 {\displaystyle \nu \leq 0} . |

| ( λ , G ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,G)} | λ + 2 G 3 {\displaystyle \lambda +{\tfrac {2G}{3}}} | G ( 3 λ + 2 G ) λ + G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}} | | | λ 2 ( λ + G ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}} | λ + 2 G {\displaystyle \lambda +2G\,} | |

| ( λ , ν ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,\nu )} | λ ( 1 + ν ) 3 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}} | λ ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{\nu }}} | | λ ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}} | | λ ( 1 − ν ) ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}} | Cannot be used when ν = 0 ⇔ λ = 0 {\displaystyle \nu =0\Leftrightarrow \lambda =0} |

| ( λ , M ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,M)} | M + 2 λ 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M+2\lambda }{3}}} | ( M − λ ) ( M + 2 λ ) M + λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {(M-\lambda )(M+2\lambda )}{M+\lambda }}} | | M − λ 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-\lambda }{2}}} | λ M + λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{M+\lambda }}} | | |

| ( G , ν ) {\displaystyle (G,\,\nu )} | 2 G ( 1 + ν ) 3 ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1+\nu )}{3(1-2\nu )}}} | 2 G ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle 2G(1+\nu )\,} | 2 G ν 1 − 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}} | | | 2 G ( 1 − ν ) 1 − 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1-\nu )}{1-2\nu }}} | |

| ( G , M ) {\displaystyle (G,\,M)} | M − 4 G 3 {\displaystyle M-{\tfrac {4G}{3}}} | G ( 3 M − 4 G ) M − G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3M-4G)}{M-G}}} | M − 2 G {\displaystyle M-2G\,} | | M − 2 G 2 M − 2 G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-2G}{2M-2G}}} | | |

| ( ν , M ) {\displaystyle (\nu ,\,M)} | M ( 1 + ν ) 3 ( 1 − ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1+\nu )}{3(1-\nu )}}} | M ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) 1 − ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{1-\nu }}} | M ν 1 − ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M\nu }{1-\nu }}} | M ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ( 1 − ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1-2\nu )}{2(1-\nu )}}} | | | |

| 2D formulae | K 2 D = {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {2D} }=\,} | E 2 D = {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {2D} }=\,} | λ 2 D = {\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }=\,} | G 2 D = {\displaystyle G_{\mathrm {2D} }=\,} | ν 2 D = {\displaystyle \nu _{\mathrm {2D} }=\,} | M 2 D = {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {2D} }=\,} | Notes |

| ( K 2 D , E 2 D ) {\displaystyle (K_{\mathrm {2D} },\,E_{\mathrm {2D} })} | | | 2 K 2 D ( 2 K 2 D − E 2 D ) 4 K 2 D − E 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2K_{\mathrm {2D} }(2K_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} })}{4K_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | K 2 D E 2 D 4 K 2 D − E 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {K_{\mathrm {2D} }E_{\mathrm {2D} }}{4K_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | 2 K 2 D − E 2 D 2 K 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2K_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}{2K_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | 4 K 2 D 2 4 K 2 D − E 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4K_{\mathrm {2D} }^{2}}{4K_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | |

| ( K 2 D , λ 2 D ) {\displaystyle (K_{\mathrm {2D} },\,\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} })} | | 4 K 2 D ( K 2 D − λ 2 D ) 2 K 2 D − λ 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4K_{\mathrm {2D} }(K_{\mathrm {2D} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} })}{2K_{\mathrm {2D} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | K 2 D − λ 2 D {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {2D} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }} | λ 2 D 2 K 2 D − λ 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }}{2K_{\mathrm {2D} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | 2 K 2 D − λ 2 D {\displaystyle 2K_{\mathrm {2D} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }} | |

| ( K 2 D , G 2 D ) {\displaystyle (K_{\mathrm {2D} },\,G_{\mathrm {2D} })} | | 4 K 2 D G 2 D K 2 D + G 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4K_{\mathrm {2D} }G_{\mathrm {2D} }}{K_{\mathrm {2D} }+G_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | K 2 D − G 2 D {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {2D} }-G_{\mathrm {2D} }} | | K 2 D − G 2 D K 2 D + G 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {K_{\mathrm {2D} }-G_{\mathrm {2D} }}{K_{\mathrm {2D} }+G_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | K 2 D + G 2 D {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {2D} }+G_{\mathrm {2D} }} | |

| ( K 2 D , ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle (K_{\mathrm {2D} },\,\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })} | | 2 K 2 D ( 1 − ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle 2K_{\mathrm {2D} }(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })\,} | 2 K 2 D ν 2 D 1 + ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2K_{\mathrm {2D} }\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}{1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | K 2 D ( 1 − ν 2 D ) 1 + ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {K_{\mathrm {2D} }(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}{1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | 2 K 2 D 1 + ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2K_{\mathrm {2D} }}{1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | |

| ( E 2 D , G 2 D ) {\displaystyle (E_{\mathrm {2D} },\,G_{\mathrm {2D} })} | E 2 D G 2 D 4 G 2 D − E 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{\mathrm {2D} }G_{\mathrm {2D} }}{4G_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | 2 G 2 D ( E 2 D − 2 G 2 D ) 4 G 2 D − E 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G_{\mathrm {2D} }(E_{\mathrm {2D} }-2G_{\mathrm {2D} })}{4G_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | E 2 D 2 G 2 D − 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{\mathrm {2D} }}{2G_{\mathrm {2D} }}}-1} | 4 G 2 D 2 4 G 2 D − E 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G_{\mathrm {2D} }^{2}}{4G_{\mathrm {2D} }-E_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | |

| ( E 2 D , ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle (E_{\mathrm {2D} },\,\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })} | E 2 D 2 ( 1 − ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{\mathrm {2D} }}{2(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}}} | | E 2 D ν 2 D ( 1 + ν 2 D ) ( 1 − ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{\mathrm {2D} }\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}{(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}}} | E 2 D 2 ( 1 + ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{\mathrm {2D} }}{2(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}}} | | E 2 D ( 1 + ν 2 D ) ( 1 − ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{\mathrm {2D} }}{(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}}} | |

| ( λ 2 D , G 2 D ) {\displaystyle (\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} },\,G_{\mathrm {2D} })} | λ 2 D + G 2 D {\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }+G_{\mathrm {2D} }} | 4 G 2 D ( λ 2 D + G 2 D ) λ 2 D + 2 G 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G_{\mathrm {2D} }(\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }+G_{\mathrm {2D} })}{\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }+2G_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | | λ 2 D λ 2 D + 2 G 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }}{\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }+2G_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | λ 2 D + 2 G 2 D {\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }+2G_{\mathrm {2D} }\,} | |

| ( λ 2 D , ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle (\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} },\,\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })} | λ 2 D ( 1 + ν 2 D ) 2 ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}{2\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | λ 2 D ( 1 + ν 2 D ) ( 1 − ν 2 D ) ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}{\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | λ 2 D ( 1 − ν 2 D ) 2 ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }(1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}{2\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | λ 2 D ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }}{\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | Cannot be used when ν 2 D = 0 ⇔ λ 2 D = 0 {\displaystyle \nu _{\mathrm {2D} }=0\Leftrightarrow \lambda _{\mathrm {2D} }=0} |

| ( G 2 D , ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle (G_{\mathrm {2D} },\,\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })} | G 2 D ( 1 + ν 2 D ) 1 − ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G_{\mathrm {2D} }(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })}{1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | 2 G 2 D ( 1 + ν 2 D ) {\displaystyle 2G_{\mathrm {2D} }(1+\nu _{\mathrm {2D} })\,} | 2 G 2 D ν 2 D 1 − ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G_{\mathrm {2D} }\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}{1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | | 2 G 2 D 1 − ν 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G_{\mathrm {2D} }}{1-\nu _{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | |

| ( G 2 D , M 2 D ) {\displaystyle (G_{\mathrm {2D} },\,M_{\mathrm {2D} })} | M 2 D − G 2 D {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {2D} }-G_{\mathrm {2D} }} | 4 G 2 D ( M 2 D − G 2 D ) M 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G_{\mathrm {2D} }(M_{\mathrm {2D} }-G_{\mathrm {2D} })}{M_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | M 2 D − 2 G 2 D {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {2D} }-2G_{\mathrm {2D} }\,} | | M 2 D − 2 G 2 D M 2 D {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\mathrm {2D} }-2G_{\mathrm {2D} }}{M_{\mathrm {2D} }}}} | | |